Salary Check UAE Balance Enquiry: The Complete 2026 Guide for Every Worker
Every employee living and working in the Emirates deserves fast, reliable access to their wage information, and understanding how to conduct a proper salary check uae balance enquiry is one of the most practically useful skills any resident can develop. Whether you are a blue-collar worker receiving wages on a prepaid card, a white-collar professional banking with Emirates NBD or ADCB, or a domestic worker paid through an approved exchange house, the UAE has built a robust infrastructure specifically to make this process transparent, secure, and accessible around the clock.
This guide covers every verified method available in 2026 — from the Wage Protection System portal maintained by the Ministry of Human Resources and Emiratisation (MoHRE), to bank mobile applications, ATM terminals, SMS services, WhatsApp banking, and in-branch enquiries. Along the way, it explains the legal framework behind salary disbursement, the role of WPS-compliant financial institutions, common problems workers face, and how to resolve them quickly and effectively.
Understanding the UAE Salary Payment Ecosystem
Before exploring specific methods, it is worth understanding the broader environment within which salaries move. The UAE government mandates that all private-sector employers registered with MoHRE pay wages through the Wage Protection System (WPS). This requirement covers mainland companies, most free zone establishments, and specific categories of domestic workers. When you perform a salary check uae balance enquiry, you are in fact tapping into a chain of digital transactions that begins with your employer, passes through an authorized WPS agent such as a bank or exchange house, and ultimately lands in your account or on your payroll card.
The WPS was introduced in 2009 under Ministerial Decree 788 and has been upgraded significantly since then. The most recent and impactful upgrade was launched in December 2025 in collaboration with the Central Bank of the UAE, Al Etihad Payments, and a number of accredited financial institutions. This upgrade introduced real-time, direct data integration between MoHRE’s systems and financial institutions via the Central Bank, replacing the older file-upload process with continuous electronic synchronization. As a result, over 99% of private-sector workers now receive their wages through the system, with total monthly transfers exceeding AED 35 billion.
For employees, this means salary data is more accurately and rapidly recorded than ever before. For employers, it means non-compliance is detected faster, with penalties, fines, and suspension of work permits serving as deterrents against late or incomplete payment.
Who Uses Which Payment Channel?
The type of financial channel you use to receive wages typically determines how you will approach your own salary check uae balance enquiry. Below is an overview of the most common payment categories:
| Payment Channel | Typical Users | Primary Enquiry Method |
|---|---|---|
| Traditional bank account (FAB, ENBD, ADCB, Mashreq) | Professionals, managers, long-term residents | Mobile banking app, internet banking, ATM |
| Ratibi prepaid card (FAB) | Workers earning AED 5,000 or below | FAB ATM, Payit app, WhatsApp banking |
| Lulu Exchange salary card | Blue-collar and mid-tier workers without bank accounts | Lulu Money App, SMS, exchange ATMs |
| Al Rostamani Rpay card | Workers registered through Al Rostamani Exchange | Magnati portal, ARIE mobile app, ATM |
| Lari Exchange salary card | Workers paid through Lari Exchange | Lari app, ATM |
| GCC Exchange payroll card | Workers in specific employment sectors | GCC app, ATM, branch |
Method 1: Checking Your Salary Through the MoHRE Portal and WPS
The most official and legally authoritative way to verify that your employer has paid you correctly and on time is through the MoHRE’s Wage Protection System records. This approach is particularly valuable when you suspect a discrepancy, need to file a complaint, or simply want a government-verified record of your payment history.
Using the MoHRE Website
The MoHRE website provides a dedicated WPS section accessible from any desktop or laptop browser. By navigating to the WPS link on the ministry’s homepage and entering your Emirates ID number along with your date of birth, you can generate a detailed salary report. This report shows your current salary, historical payment records, and any deductions applied. The data is drawn directly from MoHRE’s centralized database, making it the most authoritative verification tool available.
Using the MoHRE Smart App
The MoHRE Smart Services application, available on both Google Play and the Apple App Store, provides an even more convenient mobile pathway. After downloading and logging in using your Emirates ID and smart card credentials, select the WPS menu to access your latest salary record, payment history, employer details, and WPS transaction logs. The app also delivers push notifications for salary-related events, ensuring you are immediately informed when wages are credited.
Calling the MoHRE Contact Centre
If you prefer speaking with a representative, you can call 600590000, select your preferred language (Arabic or English), and provide your Emirates ID number and date of birth when prompted. The representative will access your salary records and confirm your payment status, and can also send the details to you via SMS or email.
MoHRE also operates a verified WhatsApp Business support account linked to the same number (600590000), through which employees can raise enquiries and check application status in Arabic or English. The ministry has announced plans to expand this WhatsApp channel to include an establishment statement report featuring work permit data and WPS compliance information.
What the WPS Record Shows
When you complete a salary check uae balance enquiry via MoHRE’s systems, the resulting record typically includes the basic monthly salary, all allowances (housing, transportation, food), any authorized deductions, the date of transfer, the financial institution used, and the employer’s WPS compliance status. If payment is not made within 15 days after the due date specified in your employment contract, MoHRE flags the employer as non-compliant. nbad bank balance check salary card
Method 2: Salary Enquiry Through First Abu Dhabi Bank (FAB) and Ratibi Card
First Abu Dhabi Bank is one of the UAE’s largest banking institutions and a cornerstone of the country’s WPS infrastructure. FAB manages the Ratibi prepaid salary card, which was launched in 2008 specifically for workers earning AED 5,000 or less per month, allowing them to receive wages without the need for a traditional bank account. FAB also operates as the successor institution to the National Bank of Abu Dhabi (NBAD), so any queries previously directed at NBAD are now handled through FAB’s systems.
FAB ATM Balance Enquiry
The fastest single-step method for Ratibi cardholders is visiting any FAB ATM branch-wide across the UAE. Insert your salary card, enter your four-digit PIN, and select Balance Inquiry from the on-screen menu. Your available balance appears within seconds, with an option to print a receipt. FAB ATM balance checks are free of charge for cardholders using FAB terminals directly.
FAB Online Banking Portal
Non-Ratibi FAB account holders can log in to FAB’s internet banking portal using their credentials. The dashboard provides a real-time account summary, transaction history, and salary credits. The portal uses SSL encryption throughout, ensuring your data remains protected. For prepaid Ratibi cardholders without full internet banking access, FAB provides a dedicated prepaid card portal where balance enquiries can be made by entering card details directly.
FAB Mobile Banking App
The FAB mobile application provides the most comprehensive self-service experience, offering full account control from a smartphone. Once downloaded and logged in, the home screen immediately displays your current balance. The app also allows you to review up to 90 days of transaction history, download statements, set alerts for salary credits, manage multiple accounts, and initiate transfers. For Ratibi card users, the Payit digital wallet app (powered by FAB) provides a streamlined interface specifically designed for prepaid salary card management.
FAB WhatsApp Banking
FAB offers a convenient WhatsApp banking service. After completing a one-time OTP verification, you can simply type “Balance” in a WhatsApp message to FAB’s business number and receive your current balance instantly. This service is especially useful for workers who have smartphones but are more comfortable with messaging interfaces than with dedicated banking apps.
Ratibi Card Key Features
The Ratibi card system has been engineered with financial inclusion as its primary goal. Key features include full WPS compliance, 24/7 customer support, immediate salary access upon transfer, and complete compatibility with the UAE Central Bank’s regulatory standards. The card can also be used for contactless payments at retail outlets, which makes performing a salary check uae balance enquiry only one part of a broader financial toolkit available to cardholders.
Method 3: Lulu Exchange Salary Card Balance Enquiry
Lulu Exchange is one of the most prominent WPS-approved financial institutions in the UAE, operating across all seven emirates. Its prepaid Lulu Salary Card (also called the Lulu Payroll Card or Lulu Money Card) has become one of the most widely used salary solutions in the country, particularly among blue-collar and mid-tier workers who do not hold traditional bank accounts.
Lulu Money App
The LuLu Money App is the fastest and most feature-rich method for Lulu cardholders. After installing the app and logging in with your Emirates ID, Lulu Card details, and registered mobile number, navigate to the “My Cards” section and select your Lulu Salary Card to view the current balance instantly. The app also lets you review full transaction history (including ATM withdrawals, POS spending, salary credits, remittance charges, and declined transactions), transfer money domestically and internationally, reset your PIN, set transaction limits, and temporarily block your card if needed.
SMS Balance Enquiry
For Lulu cardholders without regular app access or in areas with limited internet connectivity, balance enquiry by SMS remains a dependable fallback. Open your messaging app, type BAL followed by a space and your NIN (card number), and send it to 51199 (some sources list 51999 — always refer to the number on the back of your card). Within seconds, you receive an SMS from Lulu Exchange showing your current available balance. Standard SMS charges from your mobile operator may apply, but Lulu itself does not charge for this service.
ATM Balance Enquiry
Lulu Salary Cardholders can use ATMs at Emirates NBD Bank, Emirates Islamic Bank, and Mashreq Bank branches across the UAE to conduct a balance enquiry. The process mirrors standard ATM balance checks: insert your card, enter your PIN, and select Balance Inquiry from the menu. The current available balance appears on-screen, and you can choose to print a receipt. Non-partner ATMs may charge a small transaction fee, so using partner bank ATMs is advisable.
Branch Enquiry
If you prefer in-person assistance or are experiencing card issues, Lulu Exchange branches across all seven emirates offer direct balance enquiry services. Present your card and Emirates ID to the service executive, who will check your balance and provide your recent transaction history. This method is particularly helpful for users less comfortable with digital tools.
Method 4: Al Rostamani Rpay Card Balance Enquiry
The Al Rostamani International Exchange (ARIE) Rpay card is another widely used WPS-compliant salary solution in the UAE. The card operates under the Visa and Mastercard networks, giving cardholders access to a large ATM and POS infrastructure.
Rpay App and Magnati Portal
Rpay cardholders have access to the ARIE mobile app, which provides a balance check dashboard upon login. The Magnati portal (formerly Network International) also supports Rpay balance enquiries through its online interface. After a successful balance check inside the app, cardholders can tap the three-dot menu and select Statement to view or download their transaction history.
ATM Enquiry for Rpay
Any UAE ATM displaying the Visa or Mastercard logo accepts Rpay cards for balance enquiry. Insert the card, enter the four-digit PIN, and choose Balance Enquiry from the menu. For a mini-statement showing the last few transactions, select the Mini Statement option where supported. Note that non-network ATMs may charge a small enquiry fee; using digital channels avoids this cost entirely.
SMS Alerts for Rpay
Every Rpay cardholder is automatically enrolled in SMS alerts. Each time a salary is credited or an ATM/POS transaction is completed, an SMS is sent to the registered UAE mobile number with the updated balance. It is important to ensure your registered mobile number is current; if it has changed, update it at any ARIE branch with your Emirates ID before relying on these notifications.
Method 5: Emirates NBD Salary Account Balance Enquiry
Emirates NBD is one of the UAE’s most prominent banks, and many professional employees receive their WPS-compliant salaries directly into Emirates NBD accounts. For these workers, a salary check uae balance enquiry typically involves one of several convenient channels.
Emirates NBD Mobile Banking App
The Emirates NBD app is regarded as one of the most feature-complete banking applications available in the UAE. After logging in with your username and password (or biometric authentication), navigate to Account Summary or Balance Inquiry to view your current balance in real time. The app also shows a complete 30-day transaction history, salary credit notifications, and statement download capabilities.
Internet Banking
Emirates NBD’s online banking portal provides full account management from any desktop browser. Once logged in, the Account Summary section displays real-time balances, historical credits, and any deductions. This channel is particularly useful for employees who need to download and submit salary confirmation letters for rental agreements, visa renewals, or loan applications.
SMS Banking
Emirates NBD SMS banking allows customers to receive balance updates, account summaries, credit card details, exchange rates, fixed deposit rates, mini account statements, and cheque return notifications. To initiate a balance enquiry by SMS, send the designated keyword to the bank’s SMS number from your registered mobile number.
Telephone Banking
To check your Emirates NBD balance by phone, call +971 600 540 000 from your registered number and, when prompted, use the phrase “transaction enquiry.” The automated system retrieves your balance within seconds.
Method 6: ADCB and Other Major UAE Banks
Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank (ADCB) is another significant player in UAE payroll processing. ADCB ATMs are available across the UAE, and cardholders can insert their salary card, enter a PIN, and choose Balance Inquiry to see immediate results. ADCB’s mobile app mirrors the functionality found at Emirates NBD and FAB, offering real-time balance viewing, transaction history, and push notifications for salary credits.
Other banks commonly used for WPS salary processing include Mashreq Bank, Abu Dhabi Islamic Bank (ADIB), RAKBank, Dubai Islamic Bank, and Commercial Bank of Dubai. Each offers mobile applications, internet banking portals, ATM networks, and telephone banking, all accessible for balance and transaction enquiries 24 hours a day.
Method 7: Exchange House Salary Cards — Lari Exchange, GCC Exchange, Al Ansari Exchange
Beyond FAB, Lulu Exchange, and Al Rostamani, the UAE hosts a competitive ecosystem of MoHRE-accredited exchange houses that process WPS salary payments. Workers receiving wages through these providers have dedicated channels for balance enquiry.
Lari Exchange
Lari Exchange provides WPS-compliant salary cards used primarily in specific industry sectors. Cardholders can perform balance enquiries through the Lari app, ATM partner networks, SMS services, and in-branch visits. The process follows the same general structure as other exchange house products: app login for immediate balance display, SMS for quick text-based enquiry, and ATM insertion for screen or printed balance.
Al Ansari Exchange
Al Ansari Exchange is one of the largest exchange house networks in the UAE, participating in the December 2025 WPS upgrade alongside MoHRE. Al Ansari salary cardholders can use the Al Ansari Exchange app, select ATMs across the UAE, and in-branch services to check their available balances and transaction history.
GCC Exchange
GCC Exchange also participated in the updated WPS framework and offers a payroll card solution for workers. Its app-based balance enquiry system provides immediate account information, while ATM and branch channels remain available for those who prefer offline methods.
Reading and Understanding Your Salary Information
Whether you are reading a bank statement, an ATM receipt, or an app screen, understanding what the figures mean is just as important as the act of checking. Below is a breakdown of the key components typically shown when you perform a salary check uae balance enquiry.
Available Balance vs. Ledger Balance
The available balance is the amount you can immediately spend or withdraw. The ledger balance (also called the book balance) is the total in your account including transactions that are still being processed. In most day-to-day situations, particularly after a salary credit, the two figures align — but there can be a brief lag of a few hours for processing.
Understanding Salary Components
Under UAE labour law, a salary is broken down into several components. The basic salary forms the foundation and is the figure used to calculate gratuity payments and job loss insurance. Allowances are added on top and may include housing, transportation, and food. Understanding which component has been credited and whether the total matches your employment contract is a critical aspect of financial self-management.
| Salary Component | Description | Used in Gratuity Calculation? |
|---|---|---|
| Basic salary | Core monthly wage per employment contract | Yes |
| Housing allowance | Monthly support for accommodation costs | No |
| Transportation allowance | Monthly support for commuting costs | No |
| Food allowance | Monthly support for meal-related costs | No |
| Other allowances | Role-specific, contractually defined benefits | Depends on contract |
How to Spot Discrepancies
If the amount credited does not match the figure in your employment contract, you should first check whether any authorized deductions (such as health insurance contributions or accommodation provided by the employer) have been applied. If the discrepancy remains unexplained, contact your HR department immediately. If the issue is not resolved promptly, you have the right to file a complaint directly with MoHRE via the website, app, or call centre.
Legal Rights and Protections Under UAE Labour Law
The UAE takes salary protection seriously, and the legal framework surrounding wages is comprehensive. Understanding your rights helps you interpret the results of any salary check uae balance enquiry with greater confidence and know precisely when to escalate.
When Is Salary Considered Late?
Under UAE law, wages are due from the first day of the month following the end of the wage period specified in the employment contract. If no specific date is mentioned in the contract, the employer must pay at least once a month. A salary is considered late if it is not deposited within 15 days after the due date. Once this threshold is crossed, MoHRE flags the employer as non-compliant in the WPS system.
Consequences for Employers Who Fail to Pay
Employers who fail to pay on time face a cascading set of penalties. MoHRE can issue fines, suspend the employer’s ability to process new work permits, freeze the company’s access to MoHRE services, and in serious cases refer the matter for legal action. The automated and real-time nature of the 2025–2026 WPS upgrade means these consequences are triggered faster than under the previous system, providing employees with stronger practical protection.
Filing a Salary Complaint with MoHRE
If you discover through a balance enquiry that your salary has not been paid, or has been underpaid, you can file a formal complaint through MoHRE’s website, mobile app, or by calling 600590000. MoHRE will attempt mediation within a defined timeframe. If mediation fails, the case proceeds to the UAE Labour Courts for resolution.
Security Best Practices When Performing Balance Enquiries
The convenience of digital balance enquiry carries responsibility for personal financial security. Employees in the UAE should follow established best practices to prevent unauthorized access to their salary and account information.
Protecting Your PIN
Never share your ATM PIN with anyone, including people presenting themselves as bank representatives. Always shield the keypad when entering your PIN at an ATM. If the ATM looks physically tampered with or has an unusual attachment on the card slot, do not use it and report it to the relevant bank.
Securing Your Mobile Banking App
Enable biometric authentication (fingerprint or face recognition) on your banking or salary card app. Avoid accessing financial apps over public WiFi networks. Log out of mobile banking sessions when finished, and set up two-factor authentication wherever available.
Keeping Your Emirates ID Updated
Your Emirates ID is the primary identification document for accessing salary records through MoHRE, as well as for resolving card issues at bank branches and exchange houses. Ensure it is current, valid, and linked to your employer’s MoHRE registration. An expired or unlinked Emirates ID can block access to salary records at the precise moment you need them most.
Save Records of Every Salary Credit
Keep a screenshot or printed copy of each salary credit confirmation, whether from a bank statement, ATM receipt, or app notification. These records serve as primary evidence in any dispute with an employer or financial institution. MoHRE specifically advises employees to maintain copies of salary slips and bank SMS alerts as proof of payment.
Troubleshooting Common Issues
Even in a well-regulated system, employees occasionally encounter problems when attempting to verify their wages. The following are the most common challenges and their solutions.
Salary Not Yet Showing in Account
If you expect a salary credit but it has not appeared in your account, first verify the exact pay date in your employment contract. Processing times between an employer’s bank submission and the actual credit to your card or account can take 24 to 48 hours. If the deadline passes without credit, contact your HR department first and then MoHRE if there is no satisfactory resolution.
App Login Issues
If you cannot log in to your banking or salary card app, do not repeatedly enter an incorrect password or PIN as accounts may lock automatically. Use the “Forgot Password” function within the app, or call the customer service number of your bank or exchange house. For Ratibi cardholders, FAB’s helpline is 60052 5500. For ARIE Rpay cardholders, the helpline is 600 540 004. For Lulu Exchange, the relevant customer support number is printed on the back of your card.
Incorrect Balance Displayed
If your balance seems incorrect — either higher or lower than expected — cross-reference across two different enquiry methods. For example, if the app shows an unexpected figure, verify via ATM or SMS. If discrepancies persist across channels, contact your financial institution’s customer support for an account review. Always document the date, time, and amount shown during any discrepant enquiry.
Registered Mobile Number Is Wrong
If your registered mobile number has changed and you have not updated it with your bank or exchange house, SMS alerts will not reach you. This is a critical gap that must be resolved promptly. Visit your nearest bank branch or exchange house with your Emirates ID and updated contact details to make the change. Without an accurate registered number, you may also be unable to receive OTP codes required for online account access.
Comparing the Top Salary Enquiry Methods: Pros, Cons, and Best Use Cases
| Method | Speed | Cost | Internet Required | Best For |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MoHRE WPS portal | Moderate | Free | Yes | Official verification, dispute evidence |
| Bank mobile app | Instant | Free | Yes | Daily monitoring, full transaction history |
| ATM balance enquiry | Instant | Free (own bank) | No | Quick checks without smartphone |
| SMS balance request | Fast | Small carrier fee | No | Low-connectivity areas, basic phones |
| WhatsApp banking (FAB) | Instant | Free | Yes | Familiar interface users |
| Branch visit | Moderate | Free | No | Complex issues, card problems |
| MoHRE call centre | Moderate | Free | No | No internet, official confirmation needed |
Frequently Asked Questions
How many times can I check my salary balance per day?
There is no restriction on how many times you can perform a balance enquiry per day, whether through an ATM, mobile app, SMS, or online portal. Checking regularly, especially after the expected pay date, is strongly recommended and costs nothing via most digital channels.
Can I check my balance without an Emirates ID?
For ATM balance enquiries, your card and PIN are sufficient; no Emirates ID is required at the terminal. However, to access MoHRE’s WPS salary records, resolve card issues at a branch, or file a complaint, your Emirates ID is mandatory. Always keep it valid and accessible.
What should I do if my employer refuses to pay my salary?
Immediately document the situation by checking all available records, including bank statements, MoHRE WPS records, and any payment confirmations. Then formally contact MoHRE via 600590000, the app, or the website to file a salary complaint. Under UAE law, MoHRE is required to investigate and mediate the dispute within a defined period.
Is my salary information visible to anyone else when I check it?
No. Your salary information is protected through SSL encryption on web portals, secure login credentials on mobile apps, and PIN-based authentication at ATMs. MoHRE’s records are accessible only by the individual employee (using their Emirates ID and date of birth) and by authorized ministry officials.
How soon does WPS salary information update after payment?
With the December 2025 real-time integration upgrade, WPS salary transfer data is synchronized between financial institutions and MoHRE essentially in real time. In practice, employees can typically expect to see their salary reflected in their account and in MoHRE records within 24 to 48 hours of the employer initiating the payment.
Can I check my salary using WhatsApp?
Yes. First Abu Dhabi Bank offers an official WhatsApp banking service. After a one-time OTP-based setup, sending the word “Balance” to the FAB WhatsApp business number returns your current balance within seconds. This service is available 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
What is the difference between WPS salary and a regular bank transfer?
A WPS salary transfer is processed through an authorized financial institution using a Salary Information File (SIF) approved by MoHRE and the Central Bank, ensuring the payment is compliant with your employment contract. A regular bank transfer carries no such regulatory oversight. The WPS process creates a transparent, government-verified record of each payment, offering employees stronger legal protection.
Can domestic workers use these salary checking methods?
Yes. Certain categories of domestic workers — including private agricultural engineers, personal public relations officers, personal healthcare providers, private tutors, and private trainers — are mandatorily covered by WPS and can use all the methods described in this guide. Other domestic worker categories such as housemaids, cooks, nannies, and personal drivers may be optionally enrolled in WPS by their employers.
What happens if I lose my salary card?
Immediately block the card through your bank or exchange house’s mobile app. For Lulu Exchange cardholders, the LuLu Money App includes a card-blocking feature. For Rpay cardholders, the ARIE app or customer care line handles this. For Ratibi cardholders, FAB’s app or helpline manages the block and replacement process. Always keep the customer service number of your card issuer saved in your phone for emergencies.
Is there a minimum balance requirement for WPS salary cards?
Most WPS prepaid salary cards, including the Ratibi card and Lulu Salary Card, do not require you to maintain a minimum balance. This is one of their key advantages over traditional bank accounts, making them accessible to workers across all income levels, including those earning below the typical minimum required for a standard savings or current account.
The Broader Picture: Financial Wellbeing Through Regular Monitoring
Performing a salary check uae balance enquiry is not just a bureaucratic task — it is a cornerstone of financial wellbeing for millions of workers across the Emirates. The UAE’s workforce is among the most internationally diverse in the world, with employees from over 200 nationalities managing remittances, family obligations, housing costs, and personal savings simultaneously. For these individuals, a missed or delayed salary is not an inconvenience but a potentially serious disruption to dependents in home countries, to rent commitments in the UAE, and to personal financial stability.
Regular monitoring through the channels described in this article creates a documented financial record that can be used for multiple purposes beyond simple curiosity. Banks use salary history when evaluating loan applications. Landlords frequently request salary certificates or bank statements before finalizing rental agreements. Immigration authorities may ask for evidence of consistent income when processing residency renewals. By maintaining a habit of checking and saving salary records every pay cycle, employees build a verifiable financial profile that serves them in countless practical situations.
The UAE government’s ongoing investment in the WPS infrastructure — most recently through the December 2025 real-time integration upgrade — reflects a clear policy commitment to ensuring that every worker, regardless of income level, nationality, or employment sector, has access to transparent, accurate, and timely salary information. The result is one of the most comprehensive and employee-protective wage monitoring systems anywhere in the world.
When you take a few minutes each month to run your own salary check uae balance enquiry, you are not merely checking a number — you are exercising a legally protected right, participating in a transparent financial system, and taking concrete responsibility for your own economic security in one of the world’s most dynamic and opportunity-rich economies.
